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• The liquid film impairs the efficiency of the column.

• The grade of rock must be kept high to hold down the shipping cost per unit of phosphate.

• The internal voids detract from the engine's performance.

• Efficiency was depressed (or reduced) by increases in liquid viscosity.

• The presence of carbon depresses the melting point of iron.

• The presence of nickel lowers the critical temperatures.

• Air resistance would whittle away the speed of ...