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I

• Use of animals for bioassay antedated (or preceded, or predated) use of microorganisms.

• The first appearance of living organisms was preceded by the gradual development of a complex chemical environment.

• The dust and gas that came before the protostars ...

• The study of diffraction by crystals will be preceded by treatments of the classification of crystals.

II

• For singlet states a superscript 1 is prefixed to the letter designation of the state.